EGb761 and GBE are the scientific terms for standardized extract of the green ginkgo biloba plant, which is often noted for its cerebral-enhancing effects. Types of Ginkgo Biloba. The two most common are that Ginkgo is a sister to a clade composed of conifers and gnetophytes and that Ginkgo and cycads form a clade within the gymnosperms. Fossils attributable to the genus Ginkgo first appeared in the Early Jurassic, and the genus diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. This durable, and easy transplanting tree is very adaptable. [37] Some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. its leaves are among the most extensively studied botanicals in use today. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multistemmed, and few saplings were present. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to 15 days). Family: Ginkgoaceae. Accepted scientific name: Ginkgo biloba L. (accepted name) Synonyms: Ginkgo biloba f. adiantifolia Sprecher ex Tobler (synonym) Ginkgo biloba var. Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called ginnan) to dishes such as chawanmushi, and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. The dioecious ginkgo is the world's oldest living tree species. Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Blossoming period: March/April 11. It declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed with the extinction of species such as Ginkgo huolinhensis, and by the Palaeocene, only a few Ginkgo species, Ginkgo cranei and Ginkgo adiantoides, remained in the Northern Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere. [57][58][59][60][61], Systematic reviews have shown there is no evidence for effectiveness of ginkgo in treating high blood pressure,[62] menopause-related cognitive decline,[63] tinnitus,[64] post-stroke recovery,[65] or altitude sickness. [6], The genus name Ginkgo is regarded as a misspelling of the Japanese gin kyo, "silver apricot",[7] which is derived from the Chinese 銀杏 used in Chinese herbalism literature such as Materia Medica (日用本草 (1329) appearing at volume 6, page 8) and Compendium of Materia Medica (本草綱目 (1578)). It has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta, but no consensus has been reached. It is common in the southern third of the country. [23], Chinese scientists published a draft genome of Ginkgo biloba in 2016. Scientific Name Background Safety Effectiveness Dosing & Administration. We do not intend The Plant List to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. ‘Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Ginkgo Biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. How Does Ginkgo Biloba Work? Ginkgo biloba f. pendula (Van Geert) Beissner; Ginkgo biloba f. variegata (Carrière) Beissner; Other Scientific Names. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Common names: ginkgo, gingko, maidenhair tree. Short shoots have very short internodes (so they may grow only one or two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. The fresh green, fan-shaped and carved to lobed leaves stand together in bunches and impress with a brilliant yellow leaf colour in autumn. Salisburia biloba (L.) Hoffsgg. One of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta is Trichopitys, distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened), thread-like ultimate divisions. ), green then tan or orange, extremely messy and malodorous when ripe. Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. Ginkgo. Constituents/Active Ingredients: Diterpene lactones (ginkgolides A,B,C and J); sesquiterpene lactone (bilobalide); flavonol glycosides (including ginkgetin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives). It is attractive in appearance, but contains butyric acid[18] (also known as butanoic acid) and smells like rancid butter or vomit[19] when fallen. The popular cultivar ‘Autumn Gold’ is a clone of a male plant. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist Sakugoro Hirase in 1896. [43] They rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.[44][45]. Ginkgo nuts are used in congee, and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the Chinese New Year (as part of the vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight). [5], At least morphologically, G. gardneri and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved. Ginkgo biloba (which goes by the scientific name Salisburia adiantifolia) is a natural extract derived from the leaf of the Chinese ginkgo tree, also called the maidenhair tree. Ginkgo biloba is a large, deciduous tree that matures to 100' tall and is considered to be a living fossil. Preferred Scientific Name. Ginkgo, (Ginkgo biloba), also called maidenhair tree, deciduous gymnosperm tree (family Ginkgoaceae), native to China. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa. Ginkgo taken orally may be unsafe during pregnancy. They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips. [50] Studies have demonstrated the convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or treated successfully with pyridoxine (vitamin B6). The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads,[12]:84 which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm. Ginkgolic acids … Parts of the plant used: The leaves are used medicinally in western scientific herbalism (phytotherapy). The disadvantage of male Ginkgo biloba trees is that they are highly allergenic. The implications would be that G. biloba had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though evolving genetically, never showed much speciation. Although extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaf sold as dietary supplements are marketed for cognitive function,[54] there is no evidence for effects on memory or attention in healthy people. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis. Flower: inconspicuous, first blossoms after 20 years at the earliest 10. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food. [8], Despite its complicated spelling, which is due to an exceptionally complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/,[4] which has given rise to the common other spelling "gingko". In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. fine, silty soil) with good drainage. Leaves are green both on the top and bottom[16] and have stomata on both sides.[17]. Ginkgo biloba, also called maidenhair, is a broadleaf, deciduous tree.While it loses its leaves in winter, it is classified as a conifer and is dioecious, meaning that some trees are male while others are female.Native to China, ginkgo biloba trees, broadly speaking, will grow well in planting zones 4 through 9. Ginkgo biloba. TCM name Yín xìng; Scientific name Ginkgo biloba; Plant type Herb; Native region Central Asia, East Asia; Main producer(s) China; Main Economic Use Medicinal; Ginkgo - sometimes known as maidenhair tree - is a unique species in that it has been dated back to around 270 million years ago, predating even the dinosaurs. Introduction . While it may seem improbable that a single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).[12]:91. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic: present-day G. biloba (including G. adiantoides) and G. gardneri from the Palaeocene of Scotland. The first word is the plant's scientific genus and the second is the specific epithet. Ginkgo biloba is a rarity in the plant kingdom and the only surviving species of the Maidenhair Tree tree family. When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, the gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN). It tolerates cold weather and, unlike most gymnosperms, can survive the adverse atmospheric … The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5. The ginkgo is a living fossil, with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the Permian, dating back 270 million years. Species Ginkgo biloba L. – maidenhair tree P Enter a scientific or common name at any rank. Professional Monograph. Solutions Ginkgo Scientific is a full-service, technology-enabled CRO with a specialized focus on dermatological research. What is removed in the preparation of standardized extracts of Gingko. Scientific Name/Common Name: Ginkgo biloba / Ginkgo Part(s) Used: Leaf Constituents/Active Ingredients: Diterpene lactones (ginkgolides A,B,C and J); sesquiterpene lactone (bilobalide); flavonol glycosides (including ginkgetin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives). General Information Scientific name: Ginkgo bilobaPronunciation: GINK-go bye-LOE-buhCommon name(s): 'Autumn Gold' Maidenhair Tree, `Autumn Gold' GinkgoFamily: GinkgoaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3A through 8A (Fig. The word "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds".Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks. pendula) - Plants listed under this name are quite variable, with few expressing a strong weeping habit. At the end of the Pliocene, Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. Height: 15 – 30 m 8. Male trees older than 20 years blossom in the spring, and adult female trees produce plum-like, yellow-brown drupe that fall in late autumn. In East Asia, Ginkgo biloba is cultivated as a temple tree and is also prized for its edible seeds. "), form (denoted by "f." or "forma"), and cultivar (denoted by single quotation marks). This Herb consist of flavonoids and terpenoids that carry antioxidant properties and support eradication of free radicals. The seed is 1.5–2 cm long. If I was worried about memory, I would … It is derived from the leaf of the Chinese Ginkgo tree. Leaves: green, depending on type also multi-coloured, fan-shaped, sinuated, bright yellow autumn colouring 9. Weinmann, S., Roll, S., Schwarzbach, C. et al. Family Name: Ginkgoaceae. The leaves are usually 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in), but sometimes up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long. This durable, and easy transplanting tree is very adaptable. It features distinctive two-lobed, somewhat leathery, fan-shaped, rich green leaves with diverging (almost parallel) veins. However, high genetic uniformity exists among ginkgo trees from these areas, arguing against a natural origin of these populations and suggesting the ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over a period of about 1,000 years. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Although Ginkgo biloba and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its range shrank and by two million years ago, it was restricted to a small area of China. The first use as a medicine is recorded in the late 15th century in China; among western countries, its first registered medicinal use was in Germany in 1965. The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling Adiantum, the genus of maidenhair ferns. [66][67], Systematic reviews have shown modest positive effects in peripheral vascular disease,[68] vascular dementia tinnitus,[69] and age-related macular degeneration.[70]. The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Ginkgo has been planted since ancient times in Chinese and Japanese temple gardens and is now valued in many parts of the world as a fungus- and insect-resistant ornamental tree. Trees; Process; Growing On; Projects; Custom Work; News; Company; Contact Us; Our Trees Ginkgo biloba 'Halka' – Halka Ginkgo. The scientific name describes the species of an organism. Ginkgo biloba can be supplemented for cognitive enhancement, or to alleviate cognitive decline. The scientific name for these plantsGinkgo biloba (or simply Ginkgo)is more commonly used than the common name, \"maidenhair\" trees. It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished. To alleviate cognitive decline in older adults, take 40-120mg, three times a day. Genus name is a misrendering of the Japanese gin meaning silver and kyo meaning apricot used in Japan in the 17th century. [24] The tree has a large genome of 10.6 billion DNA nucleobase "letters" (the human genome has three billion) and about 41,840 predicted genes[25] which enable a considerable number of antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: ginkgo", 10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2, "History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In, "Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? The rate of evolution within the genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene; the exception is the sole living species, Ginkgo biloba, which is only found in the wild in China, but is cultivated across the world. Because of this the tree is referred to as a ‘living fossil’. The ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil, with fossils similar to the modern plant dating back to the Permian, 270 million years ago. It might cause early labor or extra bleeding during delivery if used near that time. The sperm are large (about 70–90 micrometres)[21] and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. The current commonly used names are 白果 (bái guǒ), meaning "white fruit", and 銀杏 (yínxìng), meaning "silver apricot". Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard sclerotesta (the "shell" of the seed) and a papery endotesta, with the nucellus surrounding the female gametophyte at the center. [71][72] Additional side effects include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. [53]. 50 Search Results. Common name for Ginkgo. The Ginkgo likes to thrive in soil pH around 3.7-7.0. The name 銀杏 was borrowed in Japanese イチョウ (ichou) or ぎんなん (ginnan) and Korean 은행 (eunhaeng), when the tree was introduced from China. Disclaimer: ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. It is the only surviving member of a group of ancient plants believed to have inhabited the earth up to 150 million years ago. L. This remarkable tree is known as a 'living fossil', as it is the sole survivor of an ancient group of trees that date back to beyond the time of the dinosaurs. 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