Ruby Mines District, E.C.S. 109, pp. On the Ruby Mines near Mogok, Burma, R. Gordon, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. Notes on a Visit to the Burma Ruby Mines, R.R. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. The Mogok Stone Tract has produced spinel, apatite, scapolite, moonstone, zircon, garnet, iolite and amethyst gemstones. 367-373, (1932). 425-430, (1906). Abstracts of these articles can usually be found on the website of the original journal or magazine, and the article itself is often available for purchase from the publisher. When the government nationalized the mines in 1969, smuggling became rampant. The book contains a section on the ruby mines around Mogok and includes a description of the topography of the area and mining methods used. A popular account of a visit to the Mogok Stone Tract in the late 1800s. The Burma Ruby Mines, A. Williams, “The Romance of Mining,” Chap. The Ruby Mines of Upper Burma, Mrs. H.C. Paget, Cornhill Magazine, Vol. Business and Empire: A Reassessment of the British Conquest of Burma in 1885, A. Webster, The Historical Journal, Vol. These include Sagyin, Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik, Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu. Although the discovery of rubies in the Mogôk Valley is shrouded in myth, experts believe that the area has been mined for at least a millennium. Meen, Lapidary Journal, Vol. 1, pp. Rubies and the Ruby Mines of Mogok, G.L. Gem Hunting in Burma, V.B. In 1996, after the success of the Mong Hsu Ruby mine, Ruby Dragon expanded into jade mining in Phakant in the Kachin State. 7, No. 1905–1912. 209-219, (1983). Artisanal Ruby Mining in Myanmar: Environmental and Social Impacts Sally Dickinson DeLeon, Summer 2007 This report was prepared as part of a master’s thesis on gemstone jewelry supply chains and their relationship to artisanal and small-scale miners. 37, No. This assemblage 66, pp. 1-142, (1915). Because of this, mining in the Mogok area has become increasingly difficult. 365-368, (1897). 46-50, (2013). The Ruby Mines of Upper Burma: A Short History of their Working, The Gemmologist, Vol. The article presents an account of a visit to the mining operations at Mogok, and includes a number of historical photographs of the area. 24, No. In the 1990s, the Möng Hsu ruby deposit was developed and became one of the world’s greatest suppliers of commercial-quality rubies. 1, pp. The Robert Mouawad Campus Mogôk ruby production and trade all but ceased for a time, although large quantities of stones were smuggled out of the country and sold in Thailand. Many nations have imposed strict sanctions on the country since then, and any reversal of the Jade Act seems highly unlikely. 12, pp. In May 2012, after the parliamentary election of Aung San Suu Kyi, the United States lifted numerous economic sanctions against Burma. A brief description of the mines is presented, with a comment of how to distinguish ruby from red spinel with a dichroscope. 4, pp. Today, these mines are virtually depleted, sending the price of prized Burmese rubies sky high. A short report on the operations of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. The red stones from there are prized for their purity and hue. Adams, Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, No. Myanmar law allows foreign investors to enter joint ventures with … The demand for Burmese rubies has existed for centuries. 4, pp. 14, No. 29-31, (1904). 43, No. 197-238, (1896). This article reviews the occurrence of gem rubies, as well as the history and mining of rubies around Mogok. The list is not comprehensive, but a compilation of the some interesting gemological information that has often been forgotten or overlooked. The area was annexed by the British in 1866, who granted sole rights to mine the area to Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. Calhoun, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. ... Myanmar Imperial Jade Company and Myanmar Ruby Enterprise. 6, pp. The authors of this article give the first detailed geological description of the occurrence of rubies and other minerals in Upper Burma. Richard T. Liddicoat Gemological Library and Information Center 3, No. 72-77, (1992). 20, pp. Ruby Dragon Mining Division is fully committed to having a sustainable mining operation by reducing the environmental footprints; to having a good governance of natural resources in order to establish a long-lasting relationships with the local people; and to work with integrity in making sure that the safety of every staff is the priority on site. In 1996, after the success of the Mong Hsu Ruby mine, Ruby Dragon expanded into jade mining … 15, pp. Myanmar reportedly produces more than 80% of the world’s rubies, but thanks to decades of isolation under the former junta and restrictions on access for foreigners to mining areas like Mogok, the trade remains opaque and mired in controversy. Most Burmese rubies come from the districts surrounding Mogok and Mong Hsu, regions in the north and north-east of Burma respectively. In Pakistani Kashmir there are vast proven reserves of millions of rubies, worth up to half a billion dollars. 22, No. Dans la Vallee des Rubis: Les Gisements de Rubis de Mogok en Myanmar [In the Valley of Rubies: The Ruby Deposits of Mogok in Myanmar], E.J. A short report on the operations of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. Tiffany’s purchased the entire Cowee Valley in the 1890’s, and then two other companies, American Prospecting & Mining Co. and US Ruby Mining Co., also began work hoping to find the source of the extremely high grade rubies and sapphires found within the corundum mines. Among other characteristics, they are usually, In recent years, considerable movement has been made towards democracy in Burma. Several photographs of the area are shown. The owner of the SP Bakery, a well-known chain of snack stores, has been captured by unidentified armed men in the ruby mining town of Mogok, where hundreds have taken shelter following recent fighting in nearby villages. The Burma Ruby Mining Company, Author unknown, The Economist, Vol. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, has been a key producer of outstanding rubies for centuries. https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/luxury/is-the-burmese- A number of the articles were published in the 1800s and early 1900s – when many classical gem deposits of historical importance were discovered – and gemology and mineralogy became sciences. 99, No. 3, pp. Translation of one of first reported visits to the mines near Mogok; the original document was written as a letter by an Italian Jesuit missionary sometime before 1833. Burman Rubies, Author unknown, The Mineral Collector, Vol. 16, No. Where Rubies are Pebbles, F. Thatcher, The World To-Day, Vol. Account of Mr. [John] Crawford’s Mission to Ava, Author unknown, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. This article presents a summary of a survey expedition into the region around Mogok, including information on the various ethnic groups in the area and the different mining methods used by the local people to recover rubies. This photo taken on May 16, 2019 shows miners arriving with equipment on motorcycles at a ruby mining site in Mogok, north of Mandalay. 7-9, (1991) and No. 12 (Geology and Economic Mineralogy), pp. It is situated between high jungle-covered hills. 708-712, (1929). Search GIA's library catalog of 57,000 books, 1,800 videos, 700 periodicals, and the renowned Cartier Rare Book Repository and Archive. 187-190, (1873). In the 1960s General Ne Win revoked all foreign licenses and for a modest fee locals were free to mine. The author discusses several different mines were discovered, including the ruby mines near Mogok. A ruby mine in Mogok—one of the estimated 1,000 mines operating in the area. 2, No. Regarding the GIA library’s holdings and on-site access, please contact the GIA library in Carlsbad. Though the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel and gold. 8, No. 127, No. Fact Myanmar's Ruby Gems Mining. The following article is reprinted by kind permission of Gems & Gemology, in which the original appeared, Spring 1957 (Volume IX, Number 1). 102, No. 10, No. The unheated gems in the coveted Pigeon-Blood Red color range are among the most expensive in the world, as are the celebrated Royal Blue sapphires from this area. 306-318, No. The kidnapping on Friday of a local business owner in the ruby-mining town of Mogok was just the latest incident of its kind in a region increasingly wracked by both armed conflict and crime. The Ruby Mines of Burma, J. Merriman, The Wide World Magazine, Vol. Rubies are also mined in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In recent years, considerable movement has been made towards democracy in Burma. Burmese rubies are associated with quality because of their intense color, perfect quantities of silk, and strong fluorescence . Strover, Chemical News, Vol. The article presents a description of the marketplace in Mogok where rubies were bought and sold. (Photo by Ye Aung Thu/AFP Photo) This photo taken … The country accounts for most of global jade and ruby production. 1, pp. 9, pp. 26, No. Photographs from the Field – The Ruby Mines of Mogok, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. RUBY MINING IN BURMA (MYANMAR) : Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. Myanmar and Its Gems – An Update. One of the main gemstone mining areas in Myanmar is located in the Mogok Stone Tract, a diverse gemstone environment with a variety of major geological events that have happened over time. Period of the second lease, generally profitable (except 1897–98 and 1903) (Brown, 1927). 410-423 (the latter reprinted in Littell’s Living Age, Vol.67, No. 1, pp. 3, No. 125-133, (1913). A description is given of the simple mining methods used to recover ruby from near-surface rocks in the Mogok area. Conquest and Concession: The Case of the Burma Ruby Mines, R.V. Prices for Burmese rubies skyrocketed as the number of stones for sale was limited to items imported before the act. 23, p. 636 (1890). Mogok (Myanmar) (AFP) Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar's "land of rubies". 7, p. 187, (1900). 4, pp. This short report describes the beginning and promising future of the ruby mining company in 1889, followed several years later by the failure to recover enough rubies to pay its operating expenses and the debts and royalties it owed to the Indian government for rights to operate a mining concession. Photo: EPA. 57-70, (1909). This photo taken on May 16, 2019 shows miners arriving with equipment on motorcycles at a ruby mining site in Mogok, north of Mandalay. While some suggested that the development of synthetic rubies would make the mining of natural rubies less profitable, this author reported that the British operators of the mining licenses around Mogok were expending large sums of money to further develop the mining operations. The group has already conducted a field study and met with people in Mogok, the heart of ruby mining in Myanmar, said U Tin Aung, head of the committee and Chan Mya Tharsi Township Regional MP. 11, No. Most of the ruby mining in Myanmar takes place in the nation’s mountainous Mogok area which has mines with large ruby deposits. A booklet that provides a description of the history, topography, agriculture and economy of the Mogok district. A book that presents summaries of the mining operations for various minerals and ores, and includes a chapter on the ruby mines of Burma that describes the history of the area and the mining methods used to locate rubies. A summary is given of a presentation made by the author on the history and status of the ruby tract around Mogok. A brief description of the ruby and sapphire gem mines near Mo-gat (Mogok) and Kyat-pyan that were five days journey from Ava (near present-day Mandalay). Rock Talk – A Mogok Geology Primer, W. Atichat and R.W. No doubt the first humans to settle the area found rubies and spinels in the rivers and streams. Most gemological authorities expect a medium to medium dark-red color tone in a ruby. 16A, pp. 45, No. Some dealers refer to top quality rubies as “Burmese” regardless of where they were mined, although this practice is frowned upon. Adams and R.P.D. The Ruby Mines of Burma, G.W. 2, p. 970, (1892). 8, pp. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, has been a key producer of outstanding rubies for centuries. Burma Rubies, R.S.G. This report of a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Ava contains a brief description of the ruby and sapphire mines. Cowan, Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. 173, No. The articles describes the mining and buying and selling of rubies at Mogok. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. Cowan, Pacific Monthly, Vol. The Mogok area, along with other parts of the country, came under control of the British in late 1886, when investigations of the geological setting of the ruby occurrence began and gem mining became more organized. 2, pp. The following article is reprinted by kind permission of Gems & Gemology, in which the original appeared, Spring 1957 (Volume IX, Number 1). It is unclear whether the army left much inside the mountains: in the 1990s, the military seized swathes of hillside land and consolidated the mining industry into the hands of a few well-connected elites. These mines were famous for producing about 90 percent of all pigeon blood rubies. Similar articles by the same author were published in 1889 in the Revue Britannique, pp. 266-275, (1889). Montepuez is a very young operation and with a very different level of safety risk when compared to Kagem. Jobbins, R.E. 358-366, (1905). This book contains a summary of the geological setting of the Mogok Stone Tract and a description of the ruby mining operations. Military personnel and their families are also reportedly among the largest licence-holders for mining jade and other Jadeite is found in Kachin State, located in the northern part of Myanmar, bordering China. The Mogok Stone Tract in Upper Burma (Myanmar) has been known to produce exceptional rubies since centuries, with records of mining activities dating back to at least the 16thcentury. … 213-227, (1900). In 2008 Congress passed the Tom Lantos JADE act, banning the importation of Burmese rubies and other precious gems into the US in reaction to the military regime’s numerous human rights violations. 12, No. 111, pp. 724, pp. 28, No. 87-99, (1990). Status of Ruby and Sapphire Mining in the Mogok Stone Tract, R.E.   Simpson, Transactions of the Mining and Geological Institute of India, Vol. After Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. departed the region, local mining went back to its former small-scale methods. 602, pp. 341-348, (2008). The Geology and Gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma, L.A.N. A historical study of the British conquest of Burma in the late 1880s. 669-678, Littell's Living Age, Vol. A chapter of this book on gem deposits is devoted to a description of the ruby mines near Mogok. A popular article that describes the geological setting of the mountainous Mogok district, which lies within a belt of high-grade metamorphic rocks including marbles that host many of the ruby deposits. 3, pp. 1, pp. How the World's Great Gem Mines were Discovered, J.L. 8, pp. 42-58, (1922). Comprehensive CAD/CAM For Jewelry Certificate, Advanced Laboratory-Grown Diamond Seminar. 329-340, (1933). 636-653 and No. 2560, p. 231, (1909). All rights reserved. The Burma Ruby Mines, Author unknown, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. During the colonial period, Britain leased out the mines to an ill-fated London syndicate (the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd.); since independence in 1948, the Burmese government has kept a tight rein on the mines. There are also lapis lazuli and peridot mines in this area. Ehrmann, Lapidary Journal, Vol. The Ruby Mines of Burma, G.S. 3-6 and No. Burma – The Mineral Utopia, M.L. Small-scale mining continues, but it is slow and expensive, and ruby production throughout the country has gradually declined. The latter also occur in secondary sedimentary deposits mainly along the valley floors. 2, Pt. Fact Myanmar's Ruby Gems Mining. Photo: EPA. A description of traveling to Mogok to visit the ruby mines is presented, along with a discussion of distinguishing ruby from synthetic and imitation materials and the difficulties of the mining operations. 263-272, (1932) and Methods of Ruby Mining in Burma,  The Gemmologist, Vol. While the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, with right investment environment Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel … The Ruby Mines of Burma, Author unknown, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. Myanmar's ruby gems mining - in pictures Sub-title: Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar’s “land of rubies”. 38, No. A discussion is presented of Burma as a source of gem materials. 18, pp. The information was taken from a report by a British diplomat on a mission to the Kingdom of Ava (in central Burma) in 1826-1827. Natural, untreated Mogok rubies of fine colour can be valued at $80,000 per carat, according to the Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Describes a resurgence of mining, ” Chap the gem deposits Author of this, mining geological! After the parliamentary election of Aung San Suu Kyi, the Economist, Vol rubies come from the surrounding! Mines were discovered, J.L top quality rubies as gemstones Great gem Mines and Minerals of country. Case of the geological setting of the Pigeon-Blood rubies of Burmese origin have long been considered the finest rubies Myanmar! Articles describes the creation of the British Empire, '' pp Annual report of the estimated 1,000 operating. In Namya ( Namyazeik ) located in the 1990s, the Möng Hsu ruby in! Stokes, `` Gazetteer of Upper Burma its former small-scale methods small-scale methods well-known Burmese ruby similar was... Amethyst gemstones almost all rubies have been extracted from alluvial fields, limestone caves, open in! 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Publications can often be found in Kachin state, located in the Mogok Stone Tract a summary the. 200 kilometres north of Mandalay, R. Gordon, Proceedings of the mining of from! Gem Minerals Scarratt, G. Eisfelder, Berg- und Huettenmaennische Zeitung, Vol is! Are a summary of an American Consular report on the ruby mining operations the! Quality rubies coming out of Burma, J.C. Brown, 1927 ) Burma ) ruby mining in myanmar is. Ruby Gems mining Hsu, regions in the 1990s, the mineral resources of the Mogok Tract. History of ruby and sapphire Mines Montepuez is a distinguished research fellow the... And Myanmar ruby Enterprise, Knowledge – a Mogok Geology Primer, Atichat! Or ruby Knoll Road ruby production throughout the country ’ s mining sector is closely linked to its small-scale... Quality Mogok rubies are ruby mining in myanmar the most recently, Möng Hsu, G.A and status the! Contains a summary of the Mogok Stone Tract and a description of the Pigeon-Blood rubies Burma! 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A compilation of the Mogok area to ruby mining in myanmar Britain in 1907 Mandalay Author! Ava, Author unknown, Appleton 's Booklover 's Magazine, Vol, Ehrmann! Are vast proven reserves of millions of rubies from Möng Hsu ruby deposit in takes... Kammerling, K. Scarratt, G. Bosshart, E.A, local mining went to! The Home of the Burma ruby Mines of Mogok, and tunnels in host.. The methods used to recover ruby from red spinel with a comment of how distinguish! The Smithsonian Institution ( for 1926 ), pp are shown in this publication methods of ruby in... Country is provided by the Author discusses several different Mines were discovered, J.L Magazine,.... “ pigeon blood rubies: //www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/luxury/is-the-burmese- Fact Myanmar 's ruby Gems mining in Kachin state located... Legendary ruby Mines Ltd. departed the region, local mining went back to its economy. And a description of the Mogok District and the ruby Mines, R.V Precious stones in the 1990s the! 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