The new seeds are very delicate and highly susceptible to pests and disease. Contaminated food, air, soil, and waterbodies have exposed life on Earth to hazardous agrochemicals. There should, therefore, be a perfect understanding and coordination between farmers, extension agents, farm supervisors, researchers and agricultural scientists. For example, the new seeds are less resistant to droughts and floods and need an efficient management of water, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. One of the metrics used to determine the efficiency of food production is crop yield. 146 billion (Razzaq et al., 2012). Similarly, through the RNAi technique, two ripening-specific ethylene-induced N-glycoprotein modifying enzymes, α-mannosidase (α-Man) and β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Hex), were targeted and the shelf-life of tomato was enhanced by â2â2.5-fold with firmer fruits. BARLEY – High yield forage with good levels of energy, starch and effective fibre. Introduction of agrochemicals, irrigation, improved cultural practices, and high yielding varieties after 1950 paved the way for the green revolution. A Bt transgenic potato plant resistant to potato tuber moth was developed by transferring the cry1Ab gene under a granule-bound starch synthase promoter (Kumar et al., 2010). The infrastructural facilities like transport network, marketing and storage facilities are also very crucial for the successful cultivation of HYV. In other words, in all societies, there are rational, economic farmers and irrational tradition bound farmers. Excessive rainfall, immediately after the application of chemical fertilizers or that of plant protection chemicals, reduces their utility and effectiveness. A brief discussion on the inputs and infrastructure requirements for HYV is imperative to ascertain the myth and reality of the success of the Green Revolution in India. Results in this publication are aggregated over a number of years and on an The new varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs (modern varieties). The timings of irrigation and the quantity of water supplied are decisive for the performance of the crop. They should advance loans to the farmers at a reasonable rate of interest. Conventional breeding has been an effective means for developing high-yielding varieties; however, it has its own limitations. Certain weeds have also been reported to produce allelochemicals which suppress root and shoot growth of crop plants. Disclaimer 9. V.A. It may be emphasized that excessive irrigation and inadequate irrigation are both injurious to HYV of wheat and rice. At first the new varieties were highly susceptible to disease, and pesticides were necessary to obtain the high yield potential, but later varieties have been bred with a greater resistance to pests. In this world of competition, only those are marching ahead who are progressive, innovative, receptive and efficient, while the conservative and less progressive are left behind. Moreover, the fluctuations in prices of agricultural commodities reduce the margin of profit of the growers which may work as disincentive for the cultivation of HYV. In addition to feeding humans, we also need plant-based crops to feed livestock and use for bio-energy. Various types of proteinase inhibitors such as potato protease inhibitors II, cowpea trypsin inhibitors(CpTi), etc. The proper grading and leveling of fields helps in reducing water losses, and economize on labour required for irrigation. Many insect-resistant plant varieties have been developed through cloning genes encoding proteinase inhibitors (Kim et al., 2009) and amylase inhibitors (Mehrabadi et al., 2010). The problems of crop disease and infestation by insects may also be overcome by timely application of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and rodenticides. Data are col-lected from as many sites as are available and statistically analyzed. For example, the per hectare consumption of chemical fertilizers in India is only about 75 kg per hectare as against 525 kg per hectare in the Netherlands and about 500 kg per hectare in Japan. The Bt cry protein is nontoxic to humans and animals, but toxic to insects (BANR, 2000). The danger of pests and insects may be reduced by using plant protection chemicals. The downregulation of ACS homologs using RNAi can be an effective approach for obtaining delayed ripening with longer shelf-life and an enhanced processing quality of tomato fruits, because of the reduced rate of softening. Direct methods employ all the techniques primarily aimed at weed control (Shad, 2015), including manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological. Weeds may potentially reduce the yield of wheat up to 23% (18%â29%) worldwide but due to weed management practices actual losses account for 7.7% (3%â13%) (Oerke, 2006). Several transformation protocols have been deployed successfully for the introduction of foreign genes into rice. Among many useful aids which increase the efficiency of the farmers are seed-cum-fertilizer-drill, well designed plant protection equipment’s, Dunlop-carts, trolley, threshers, sprayers and tractors. The chimeric RNAi-ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) construct designed to target ACS homologs effectively repressed ethylene production in tomato fruits and enhanced tomato shelf-life by 45 days. Common factors for crop improvement - definition Crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of selection. Irrigation practices have caused salinization and waterlogging of cultivated soils. In the case of non-availability of capital, the farmer should have an easy access to the credit facilities. Simply put, crop yield is the Adoption of new needs and intensification of agriculture in the subtropical countries like India (characterized with erratic monsoon) are not possible unless adequate irrigation facilities are available. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Together, these hold exciting potential to accelerate plant breeding progress. Indirect methods involve utilizing such cultural practices and preventive measures which reduce germination, growth, vigor, and reproductive capacity of weeds. In several districts of Punjab and Haryana irrigation facilities are available to each and every hectare of land. There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied on just a few high-yield varieties of each crop. Availability of capital is also a vital constraint in the adoption and successful cultivation of HYV. Proteinase inhibitors have been found very effective in controlling the growth and development of many insects by inactivating serine proteinase enzymes of the insect (Larry and Richard, 2002). The irrigation fields enriched with heavy energy input of NPK create a micro climate (hot and humid) in the field which helps in the luxurious growth of plants. The poor and small farmers are thus deprived of the required inputs, so essential for the successful cultivation of HYV of wheat and rice. To evaluate different varieties of rice for their growth and During the 1950s and 1960s, new strains of wheat and maize were developed to reduce the food shortages in poor countries (the Green Revolution). Without irrigation, a surfeit of other inputs, therefore, is of no avail. The traditional plough and bullock- carts are less efficient to finish the agricultural operations on time. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). There is winter and spring varieties available. They were insensitive to photoperiodicity and matured in about 110 days rather than 180 days; it was thus possible to grow two or even three crops in a year. They require several watering at the critical stages of growth and flowering. The perennial varieties mature in 190-220 days while the annual ones in 190-230 days. This in turn has been accelerated by advances in digital technology applied through biostatistics and bioinformatics. New crop varieties tolerate disease better, are better adapted to local conditions, and generally produce higher yields. Unfortunately, the credit agencies in India, generally, serve the larger farmers who are economically well off and politically well connected. Similarly, in 1970-72, large uncovered piles of wheat accumulated at the railway stations of Punjab and Haryana were damaged due to the untimely heavy rain falls in the month of May. Domestication of wild plants triggered manipulation of nature for agricultural practices. Even in the years of droughts (1987-88 and 1988-89), the farmers could harvest very good crops of paddy with the help of canal and tube well irrigation. Similarly, allelopathic water extracts from Malva parviflora L. and C. murale L. suppressed growth and photosynthetic activity of barley (Al-Johani et al., 2012). This means that when fertilizers are supplied to high yielding varieties their yield increases substantially. In India, most of the farmers, excepting a few larger ones, have no surplus over consumption, and therefore, no saving or operational capital at their disposal. The other inputs like chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals can enhance the yield further. It was estimated that 200 g of Golden Rice could give 100% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A; therefore, it has great potential for solving vitamin A deficiency related diseases, such as blindness, in developing countries. The fuller use of inputs may be made only if proper guidance to the cultivators is available. The health and well-being of the world’s growing population are largely dependent on the ability of the agricultural industry to raise high yielding food and fiber crops. The problem may be tackled either by developing the disease resistant seeds or by spraying insecticides and pesticides at the prescribed schedules devised for different crops. The whole pathway of β-carotene biosynthesis was introduced into rice plants by simultaneously transforming of three foreign genes: one plant phytoene synthase (psy) gene originating from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), one bacterial phytoene desaturase (crt1) gene originating from Erwinia uredovora, and the lycopene β-cyclase (lcy) gene originating from N. pseudonarcissus. HYV can also fetch handsome amounts to the farmers only if a good market for the disposal of the commodity is available within a short distance of the place of production. In the case of wheat, for example, appropriate timing and spacing of irrigation raise the yield by as much as 50 per cent even if the other inputs are not given. Pesticides are chemical substances applied to control pest populations. Advances in genetics and genomics have fostered a revolution in genome-level understanding of crops (Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008). Any lapse on the part of cultivator in the application of inputs may reduce the production and productivity substantially. That's a lot of mouths to feed! Among these pests, weeds contribute maximum losses in crop production, which may potentially reduce production of crops by 34%, followed by animal pests (18%) and pathogens (16%). Weeds reduce the yields of major crops by 34% worldwide, which is higher than the losses caused by other pests (Jabran et al., 2015). The yield varies from 10-15 How does planting high yield crop varieties make farming more sustainable 1 See answer Answer 0 Answer: The more high yield crops are planted, the more production there will be from plants. Apart from controlling pest populations, they have posed new challenges. Parthasarathy, D. Prasath, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, 2012. The challenge of food security still continues and demands the adoption of new approaches to ensure safe and sufficient food for everyone. Availability of electric power which is the nucleous of all technological development is imperative for multiple cropping under the HYV programme. those high yielding varieties can achieve high yields of grain and whole crop. Immediate drying after harvest to prevent yellowing of rice kernels, Drying with flat-bed batch dryer, recirculating batch dryer or cross-flow continuous dryer, Cross-flow continuous dryer: 50â60 °C. KEYWORDS High-yielding rice, grain yield, total The transgenic âGolden Riceâ is another success of genetic engineering. The Jat farmers who came to India from Pakistan in 1947 were found more industrious and superior in techniques of cultivation in comparison to the other farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Several insecticidal Bt genes have been transformed into various types of rice, and all showed great potential for controlling the most important insect pests in rice. Threats posed by conventional weed control methods to environment, food quality, and human health are discussed below followed by the discussion of the feasibility for developing the most efficient biological weed control approaches. The adopters of HYV must have operational capital for the purchase of seeds, installation of tube wells, drilling of pumping sets, chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, tractors, harvesters, threshers and other accessories. , 1986). The transgenic approach provides a novel way for rice breeders to use genes other than those from rice and its relatives. In 2009, Bt eggplant was approved for commercialization in India, but the Indian government continues to impose a moratorium on its release because of public resentment (Jain, 2010). , irrigation, a major breakthrough in pest control increased by 15â20-fold in the areas of well-managed and! 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