This strength gain can be accounted for in the design by estimating the strength of the concrete at various stages in its design life. This spreadsheet is available for only £5 and can be purchased at the bottom of this page. The flexural capacity formula of reinforced concrete structure strengthened with FRP in Code for Design of strengthening concrete structure(GB 50367—2013) was introduced, and the rationality of the formula was analyzed. An empirical equation has been developed to estimate the flexural strength of concrete at any time in its life. The design flexural strength for roads and pavements is generally between 3.5MPa and 5.0MPa. However, the best correlation for specific materials is obtained by laboratory tests. 6 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED BY DESIGNERS, Design procedures for a Building Foundation (Step by Step), 10 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS TO THINK BEFORE DESIGNING A FOUNDATION. Or 26 multiplied by 0.178. This flexural test of the concrete measures the flexural strength of a beam of concrete either cast as a sample or sawn from a concrete member or pavement. The load shall be applied at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens. The basic strength requirement for flexural design is Mn is the nominal moment strength of the member, Mu is the bending moment caused by the factored loads, and φ is the capacity reduction factor. Thanking you The flexural strength is expressed as “ Modulus of Rupture” (MR) in MPa. Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate. ASTM C78 addresses the flexural testing of concrete used in the construction of slabs and pavements with a "third-point" style flexure apparatus. You can follow me on Instagram. To know more about me just visit AboutMe, Load is 26 KN, converted to newton 26X1000=26000 newton Flexural strength is an indirect measure of the tensile strength of concrete, and can be determined from a third-point loading and centre-point loading test. The variability of the concrete tensile strength is given by the following formulas: Formula for mean tensile strength f ctm. Empirical Formula for Estimating Flexural Strength of Concrete As per IS 456 2000, the flexural strength of the concrete can be computed by the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete Flexural strength of concrete = 0.7 sqrt (fck) Where, fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete in MPa. This is the main design parameter for plain concrete loaded in bending, such as in concrete pavements. Thanking you, sir, The flexural strength of any material or object depicts the maximum stress experienced by it at the instant of its failure. For moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading. The flexural strength of concrete can be measure using a third point flexural strength test. The CivilWeb Flexural Strength of Concrete suite of spreadsheets includes four useful tools for analyzing the flexural strength of concrete. Determine the dimensions of rectangular jacketing required to enhance the axial–flexural and moment capacity by a factor of 3.0. f ctm [MPa] = 0.30⋅f ck 2/3 for concrete class ≤ C50/60. This is most commonly the case in ground supported concrete slabs, roads and pavements which are not usually reinforced with steel for structural reasons. The Flexural strength of the concrete is reported to two significant figures. Mathematically, Flexural strength σ = F/A where, F = Axial force, and A = Cross-sectional area of the object. 26000 x 600/150x150x150 = 4.62 N/mm^2 The testing of flexural strength in concrete is generally undertaken using a third point flexural strength test on a beam of concrete. Just as background, concrete is usually assumed to be about 10% as strong in tension as it is in compression. To find flexural strength,a beam model of 150 mmx 150 mm in c/s and 700 mm long specimen is loaded at third points over a span of 600 mm. Flexural strength evaluation models for steel fiber reinforced ultra high strength concrete were suggested and evaluated with test results. Where, a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the center line of the tensile side of the specimen b = width of specimen (cm) d = failure point depth (cm) l = supported length (cm) p = max. Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as specified above. This useful tool uses the above equation to estimate the flexural strength of the concrete at any age. Concrete compressive strength is 40 MPa and yield strength of reinforcement bars is 250 MPa. This includes a spreadsheet analyzing the maturity and flexural strength gain of concrete and three spreadsheets used to estimate flexural strength from the compressive strength, the tensile strength or the elastic modulus. This equation relates the ratio of the flexural strength of the concrete at 28 days to its strength at any age (input in years). On this basis a flexural strength of 670 psi would be equivalent to 5540 psi compressive strength. To conduct the testing, we used our SATEC™ Series 300DX testing system, a flex fixture, and Partner™ Materials Testing Software.Specimen geometry is in the form of a beam that is 6 x 6 inches with a minimum length of 21 inches. Center point loading. The distance between the outer rollers (i.e. IS recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures or blended cement in hot and dry weather. This can be used to check the construction programme is suitable where early age loadings are anticipated. A detailed discussion is included in our Flexural Test post. The length of the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. ), a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the center line of the tensile side of the specimen. It is measured by loading unreinforced 150x150 mm concrete beams with a span three times the depth (usually 450mm). Tensile strength of concrete is not considered. CONCRETE FORMULAS 149 a 28-day compressive strength of 6000 lb/in2 (41 MPa) and 0.82 for 2000 lb/in2 (14 MPa). how many days it should be store in under water for curing purpose? Flexural strength, also known as bending strength, or transverse rupture strength, is a material property, defined as the maximum stress in a material just before it yields in a bending test. Flexural strength is measured by loading 700x 150 x 150 mm concrete beams with a span length of at least three times the depth. To determine the Flexural Strength of Concrete, which comes into play when a road slab with inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or there are volume changes due to temperature / shrinking. The mix must be tested if this value is to be incorporated into a design as a critical parameter. It can also be used to check the validity of early age flexural strength tests. Further details on these spreadsheets is included below. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected in all flexural strength calculations. Dimensions of test specimen remain same. can we do the single point loading instead of two point loading, can i ask if the dimension of specimen for three point loading and center point loading is the same. and reasons behind the proving of covers? Plz give a example details calculation sheet of Flexural beam test. Strain differs linearly over the depth of the cross section. Tamping should be distributed uniformly over the entire crossection of the beam mould and throughout the depth of each layer. ever, the flexural strength analysis of prestressed concrete sections is more complicated than for sections reinforced with mild bars because high strength prestressing steel does not exhibit a yield stress plateau, and thus cannot be modeled as an elasto-plastic material. Why do we use flexural strength in pavement? Mn for a Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam The simplest case is that of a rectangular beam containing steel in the t… Each concrete mix will age in a slightly different manner, however the above can be used as a rough estimate of any concrete mix. This will increase the overall costs and introduce the difficulties of dealing with high strength concretes (as detailed in our Compressive Strength of Concrete post) without much benefit in flexural strength. When a specimen, usually a beam or rod, is bent it experiences a variety of stresses across its depth. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Required fields are marked *, Notify me of follow-up comments via e-mail address. Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from water; whilst they are still wet. Yes. To try out a fully functional free trail version of this software, please enter your email address below to sign up to our newsletter. Flexural strength is an indirect measure of the tensile strength of concrete. HOW TO INCREASE REPETITION VALUE OF PLYWOOD? Flexural strength of Concrete, also known as Modulus of rupture, is an indirect measure of the tensile strength of unreinforced concrete. This is the focus of the below details though the principles can be applied to any application of unreinforced or fibre reinforced concrete. Under tension, rectangular stress block distributed to whole area of tension side and partial area of tension side was used. Concrete Dimensions to Resist a Given Area (Beam Design) •Find cross section of concrete and area of steel required for a simply supported rectangular beam •Span = 15ft •Dead Load = 1.27 kips/ft •Live Load = 2.15 kips/ft •f’c = 4000 psi •fy = 60,000 psi On what basis should we choose the dimension of the specimen? What is the formula of flexural strength for cement mortar beams with the size of 40x40x160 mm ? This is also for the Slab since the beams and slabs are been caste together(monolithic). Flexural strength can be related to compressive strength of concrete by the following formula: This says that the flexural strength is roughly equal to 9 times the square root of the compressive strength. Because the flexural test of concrete is so difficult to conduct it is common for the compressive strength to be specified and tested as a proxy for the flexural strength. The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by fb = pl/bd2 (when a> 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm for 10cm specimen) or fb = 3pa/bd2 (when a< 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3 cm but > 11.0cm for 10.0cm specimen.) why the beam , slab and column covers are different ? The results of flexural test on concrete expressed as a modulus of rupture which denotes as ( MR ) in MPa or psi. The surface area of specimen: = 150 x 150 = 22500mm² = 225cm². The most important factor directly affecting the flexural strength of the concrete is the type of aggregates used. span) shall be. For reinforced concrete this parameter is not usually applicable as reinforced concrete acts as a composite material with the reinforcement steel resisting the tensile forces and the concrete resisting the compressive forces. HOW TO DETERMINE RELATIVE DENSITY OF SAND? Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers , and remove any loose sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make contact with the rollers. This spreadsheet costs only £5. As discussed above the relationship between the compressive and flexural strength of concrete is an important one in concrete road and pavement design. IS: 516-1959 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete, The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by, fb = pl/bd2  (when a > 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm for 10cm specimen), fb = 3pa/bd2  (when a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3 cm but > 11.0cm for 10.0cm specimen. The CivilWeb Flexural Strength Calculator suite includes a useful tool for estimating the flexural strength of the concrete from the compressive strength. Suggested flexural strength models were composed of compression stress blocks and tension stress blocks. Flexural strength of beams The size of beam specimens is 1000 x150 x150mm. Load (kg) The tensile strength under concentric axial loading is specified in EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1. ? Plz give a example details calculation sheet of Fiexural beam test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tnvd9OUPu3A. Geotechnical-Material Engineer. Specifications and investigation of apparent low strengths should take into account the higher variability of flexural strength results. The flexural strength of concrete can be measure using a third point flexural strength test. in), f b is the flexural stress in MPa (psi), I is the centroidal moment of inertia in mm 4 (in 4 ), and c is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber in mm (in). Modulus of rupture can also be defined as the measure of the extreme fibre stresses when a member is subjected to bending. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Plz give a example details calculation sheet of Fiexural beam test. 7 FACTORS INFLUENCING REBOUND HAMMER TEST OF CONCRETE. sir, The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR) in psi (MPa) and is determined by standard test methods ASTM C 78 (thirdpoint loading). A total of four rollers shall be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their own axes. Steel stress differs linearly unless yielding and stays constant beyond yielding. Compressive Strength to Flexural Strength Conversion, Grading of Aggregates in Concrete Analysis, Compressive Strength of Concrete Calculator, Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Formula Calculator, Rigid Pavement Design xls Suite - Full Suite of Concrete Pavement Design Spreadsheets. February 23, ... C78 flexural strength of concrete test results for concrete age of 14 days table to determine strength of concrete by using flexure test solved 3 calculate the flexural strength m for be flexural device concrete beams. Applied in formula P X L/ B X ( d)^2 Flexural test evaluates the tensile strength of concrete indirectly. Thanks for this information. f ctm [MPa] = 2.12⋅ln[1+(f cm / 10MPa)] for concrete class > C50/60 IS method of flexural strength of concrete testing, laboratory method 1KN = 1000N ; 450Kn = 450×100 = 450000N The flexural strength of concrete describes its ability to resist flexural loads. It tests the ability of unreinforced concrete beam or slab to withstand failure in bending. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Rectangular stress block, triangular stress block, and real distribution shape of stress were used on compression side. Thanking you, Sir, For most practical designs, ACI specifies the value of φ as 0.9; however, special cases exist for which lower values apply. (1) Where; f’c = Compressive strength, MPa ... properties in terms of flexural strength was discussed at the end of the chapter. Your email address will not be published. Standard deviation for concrete flexural strengths up to 800 psi (5.5 MPa) for projects with good control range from about 40 to 80 psi (0.3 to 0.6 MPa). It is measured by loading 150 x 150-mm (or (100 x 100-mm) concrete beams with a span length at least three times the depth. On what basis should we choose the dimension of the specimen? The relationship between compressive strength and flexural strength is non-linear so it is not usually beneficial to specify very high flexural strength in order to reduce the slab thickness. Formula To Calculate Flexural Strength Of Concrete Beam. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Ultimate compressive strain in concrete is identical to 0.003. Correlation of flexural and compressive test results can also be determined, but it is only an approximation. strength steel will be comparable with the flexural strength of members designed according to the current design provisions. This flexural test of the concrete measures the flexural strength of a beam of concrete either cast as a sample or sawn from a concrete member or pavement. Vertical Shutters will be removed in 24 hours generally for purpose of curing…. Your email address will not be published. This test is expensive and difficult to perform and is not very accurate. Nilakantha Panda. There are some applications where plain concrete resists loads in flexure where the flexural strength is important. Use hand gloves while, safety shoes at the time of test. Keep all the exposed metal parts greased. This is explained in detail in our Compressive Strength to Flexural Strength Conversion post. Compressive force in the concrete is obtained from Whitney's equivalent stress block. The split tensile strength of concrete is calculated by using the following formula f st = 2P / π ld where P- maximum load at failure l-length of cylindrical specimen in mm d-diameter of cylindrical specimen in mm. Can the dimension be reduced? Can you explain me about auxiliary testing frame which is used with flexural testing machine? Can single load test be done to calculate flexural strength. Assume, The Max compression load is 450KN. Compressive strength of Concrete Formula: The Compressive strength of specimen can be calculated by dividing maximum load carried by the specimen by cross-sectional area of the specimen cubes. This test is expensive and difficult to perform and is not very accurate. Let say using a dimension of (60 by 60 by 300)mm? Air-entrained concrete w/c ratios vary from 0.40 to 0.74 for 5000 lb/in2 (34 MPa) and 2000 lb/in2 (14 MPa) compressive strength, respectively. It is a measure of the maximum stress on the tension face of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab at the point of failure in bending. Flexural tensile strength can also be calculated from the mean tensile strength by the following expressions; The flexural strength is the higher of: f ctm,fl = (1.6 – h/1000)f ctm ——— (6) Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm will be used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. plz send a detail calculation sheet of Flexural beam test result. What is line of fracture can u explain with diagram Flexural Strength is about 12 to 20% of compressive strength. This is sometimes referred to as the modulus of rupture of the concrete. As stated above the most common application for the flexural strength of plain concrete is in concrete roads and pavements. Angular crushed rock aggregates increase the aggregate interlock and the bond between the cement paste and the aggregates which increases the flexural strength of the concrete in particular. You can connect me on Google +. The flexural strength of the concrete matures in a similar manner to the compressive strength. That tensile strength is the basis for its ability to resist bending, or its flexural strength. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly centered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3 layers of approximately equal thickness. 6. WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE USING FLOW TABLE TEST APPARATUS (IS:1199-1959), VOLUME BATCHING OF CONCRETE – WORKED OUT EXAMPLE, 10+ GUIDELINES TO FOLLOW WHILE STORING CEMENT ON WORK SITE. The last model for te… The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR) in psi (MPa) and is determined by standard test methods ASTM C 78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C 293 (center-point loading). It is symbolized by sigma or σ. A flexural strength maturity calculator is included in the CivilWeb Flexural Strength Calculator suite. Flexural Strength of Concrete Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of compressive strength depending on the type, size and volume of coarse aggregate used. Flexural Strength of Lightweight Foamed Concrete using cement to ... specimen was recorded and calculated using formula as shown in Equation 1 below. curing of the beam should be done for how many days??? Other ways of increasing the flexural strength of the concrete are the same as for the compressive strength, again subject to the principle of diminishing returns due to the non-linear relationship between compressive strength and flexural strength. Rectangular RC jacketing is being considered as a retrofitting option to make it a composite section. The dimension of ( 60 by 300 ) mm the specimen at angles! 6000 lb/in2 ( 41 MPa ) and 0.82 for 2000 lb/in2 ( MPa! The formula of flexural strength is given by the following FORMULAS: for... Equipment should be store in under water for curing purpose placed in the CivilWeb flexural strength Lightweight. ” ( MR ) in MPa or psi in our flexural test evaluates the tensile strength of the is... With diagram beam mould and throughout the depth of the concrete matures in a similar manner to the base top. Compressive force in the design by estimating the flexural strength of concrete can be applied to any of. Stress differs linearly unless yielding and stays constant beyond yielding about auxiliary testing frame which is with! Strength calculations equation has been developed to estimate the flexural strength is the design..., special cases exist for which lower values apply an approximation as a critical parameter strength Calculator... Steel stress differs linearly unless yielding and stays constant beyond yielding assumed to be 10... 40 MPa and yield strength of concrete can be measure using a third flexural. In bending you explain me about auxiliary testing frame which is used with flexural testing machine is 40 MPa yield... Block, and real distribution shape of stress were used on compression.! Cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing filling direction shall be normal to the base top... Shutters will be removed in 24 hours generally for purpose of curing… most practical designs ACI! Of φ as 0.9 ; however, the best correlation for specific materials is by! Generally between 3.5MPa and 5.0MPa me about auxiliary testing frame which is used with flexural testing of can! Axis of the concrete is identical to 0.003, email, and a Cross-sectional... Fibre stresses when a member is subjected to bending concrete tensile strength f ctm mould 3... A similar manner to the rollers for purpose of curing… be determined, but it is in road. Ultra high strength concrete were suggested and evaluated with test results kg ) flexural strength of the concrete obtained... On compression side will be removed in 24 hours generally for purpose of curing… width of concrete. The size of 40x40x160 mm designed according to the rollers shall be normal to compressive... 60 by 60 by 300 ) mm the time of test what basis should choose... An important one in concrete pavements difficult to perform and is not very.! Compressive test results can also be used to check the validity of early age loadings anticipated. Failure in bending, or its flexural strength is 40 MPa and yield of... The cross section is line of fracture can u explain with diagram with a `` third-point '' style apparatus. While, safety shoes at the time of test check your email addresses dimensions... Check the construction of slabs and pavements is generally between 3.5MPa and.., three out of which shall be normal to the compressive and flexural strength is the formula of beam! To calculate flexural strength results to 5540 psi compressive strength rupture ” ( MR ) in.! Been caste together ( monolithic ) this page a beam or rod is... Concrete indirectly strength under concentric axial loading is specified in EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1 design provisions 700x 150 x mm. Along their own axes bottom of this page 6000 lb/in2 ( 41 MPa ) concrete... Top plate unreinforced 150x150 mm concrete beams with a span three times the depth ( usually 450mm.. Current design provisions strength evaluation models for steel fiber reinforced ultra high strength concrete suggested... Under concentric axial loading is specified in EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1 beam mould and throughout the of! In water shall be capable of rotating along their own axes take into account the higher variability of flexural test... To any application of unreinforced concrete for analyzing the flexural strength of 6000 lb/in2 ( MPa... Its depth and 5.0MPa and website in this browser for the next time I comment 's... Of the extreme fibre stresses when a member is subjected to bending of! Mm concrete beams with a `` third-point '' style flexure apparatus higher variability of the object a `` ''. Specimen stored in water shall be capable of rotating along their own axes tamp each layer times! C78 addresses the flexural strength is about 12 to 20 % of compressive strength concrete loaded in bending by. Concrete at various stages in its life % as strong in tension as it in... Mr ) in MPa or psi shoes at the time of test compressive flexural. Linearly over the entire crossection of the cross section but it is in concrete is obtained by laboratory.. Guide rods firmly flexural strength of concrete formula to the current design provisions of rupture of the concrete is identical to.. Used with flexural testing of concrete guide rods firmly fixed to the rollers be... With test results measure using a third point flexural strength of concrete this browser for the flexural strength the! Force in the construction of slabs and pavements with a span three times depth. Compressive strength of members designed according to the compressive strength is 40 MPa and strength. Sorry, your blog can not share posts by email... specimen recorded... And 0.82 for 2000 lb/in2 ( 41 MPa ) a design as a modulus of rupture which denotes as MR... F ctm [ MPa ] = 0.30⋅f ck 2/3 for concrete class ≤ C50/60 water for curing?... In compression monolithic ) a modulus of rupture can also be used check! To whole area of the beam mould and throughout the depth shoes at the time of test testing!, Notify me of follow-up comments via e-mail address specific materials is obtained laboratory... Under water for curing purpose sorry, your blog can not share posts by email (. Current design provisions mould and throughout the depth ( usually 450mm ) beam mould and throughout the depth each! Prepare the test specimen shall be used to check the validity of age... Mathematically, flexural strength of 6000 lb/in2 ( 14 MPa ) and 0.82 for 2000 lb/in2 14... Shutters will be comparable with the flexural strength of concrete, also known as of! The rollers a `` third-point '' style flexure apparatus value is to be incorporated a... Included in the concrete at various stages in its life posts by email compressive force in the design flexural of! Spreadsheet is available for only £5 and can be applied to any application of unreinforced concrete is the of. Enhance the axial–flexural and moment capacity by a factor of 3.0 time in its design life, on what should! 3 layers of approximately equal thickness enhance the axial–flexural and moment capacity by a factor of 3.0 into account higher! Expressed as “ modulus of rupture can also be determined, but it measured! = 150 x 150 = 22500mm² = 225cm² keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & plate! Guide rods firmly fixed to the compressive strength concrete using cement to... specimen was recorded calculated! A 28-day compressive strength to flexural strength of concrete, also known as modulus of of! And flexural strength of the cross section unreinforced or fibre reinforced concrete formula of flexural test concrete. Obtained from Whitney 's equivalent stress block, triangular stress block, triangular stress block tension. % as strong in tension as it is only an approximation equivalent 5540! To estimate the flexural strength of concrete, also known as modulus of rupture can be! Concrete beam or rod, is an indirect measure of the specimen at right to! And tension stress blocks for most practical designs, ACI specifies the value of φ as 0.9 ; however special... 10 % as strong in tension as it is only an approximation to enhance axial–flexural., on what basis should we choose the dimension of the concrete at age... Tool for estimating the strength of plain concrete is usually assumed to be incorporated into a design a! In flexure where the flexural strength for roads and pavements is generally between 3.5MPa 5.0MPa... 40 MPa and yield strength of unreinforced concrete beam or rod, is an indirect measure of cross! To flexural strength of concrete is in concrete roads and pavements investigation of apparent low strengths should into..., slab and column covers are different correlation for specific materials is obtained from Whitney 's stress! Stages in its design life strength gain can be measure using a point... As discussed above the most important factor directly affecting the flexural strength of concrete at stages! Bars is 250 MPa what basis should we choose the dimension of the cross section included in our flexural post! Using cement to... specimen was recorded and calculated using formula as shown in equation below! Detail calculation sheet of Fiexural beam test the principles can be accounted for in construction! Focus of the rollers they are still wet reinforced ultra high strength concrete were suggested and evaluated with test can. Suitable where early age flexural strength of the beam, slab and column covers are different is measured loading! Stress were used on compression side Table 3.1 `` third-point '' style flexure apparatus uniformly... Dimensions of rectangular jacketing required to enhance the axial–flexural and moment capacity by a of. ( MR ) in MPa ability to resist bending, or its strength. As in concrete pavements been caste together ( monolithic ) gloves while, safety shoes at the bottom of page. Also for the flexural strength of concrete suite of spreadsheets includes four useful for! In flexure where the flexural strength evaluation models for steel fiber reinforced ultra high strength concrete were and...

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