Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether for synthesis Synonym: Butyl carbitol, 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) ethanol, Butyl diglycol, Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether CAS Number 112-34-5. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate caused slight to moderate irritation of the rabbit eye (OECD 2005). Learn about our remote access options. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. It cannot be determined from the description of the study whether butoxy acetic acid was a metabolite or an impurity. Molecular Weight 162.23 . Percutaneous absorption of thirty-eight organic solvents in vitro using pig skin. There are no studies available with long-term administration of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. What is Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether? There are no data available for the developmental toxicity of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Butyl glycol (also known as BG, 2-butoxyethanol, glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, butyl cellosolve, butoxyethanol) is a clear, colourless, oily liquid with a unique sweet yet mild odour and has the formula C 6 H 14 O 2.It is a butyl ether of ethylene glycol and is miscible with water and common organic solvents. In 13‐week studies with rats exposed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight and day was obtained after oral administration and a NOAEL of 2000 mg/kg body weight and day after dermal application. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. After single oral doses of 200 or 2000 mg/kg body weight, radioactively labelled diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was rapidly absorbed and metabolically degraded via diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (see Figure 1). When diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (DGBEA) were applied to the skin for 5 min then washed, most (90%) of the material was recovered. There are no data from humans available suitable for deriving a MAK value for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Toxicol Lett. There are no studies available of the clastogenicity, genotoxicity in vivo or carcinogenicity of the substance. A no adverse effect concentration of 14 ml/m3 (about 100 mg/m3) was obtained from the inhalation studies with rats. 2‐(2‐Butoxyethoxy)acetic acid was the major urinary metabolite with about 53% to 60% of the radioactivity. In vitro, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is hydrolyzed within 3 minutes to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate Market is a professional and a complete report focusing on primary and secondary drivers, market share, competitor analysis, leading segments and geographical analysis. DEG is used as a component of multiple different products including antifreeze preparations, cosmetics, lubricants, brake fluids, wallpaper strippers, heating/cooling fuel and as a plasticizer. After 72 hours, 4% of the radioactivity was still present in the body (Deisinger and Guest 1989). Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. A derivative compound utilizing diethylene glycol, known as diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGBE), is used as a solvent in hair dyes. There are no studies available of the absorption of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate via inhalation. The Franz method might be helpful for obtaining a grading of skin notation for hydrophilic substances: in the case of glycol ethers, it can give us precise information about permeation risk, particularly important in the evaluation of exposure. Quantification of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine by gas chromatography and isotope-dilution mass spectrometry and its percutaneous absorption ex vivo under workplace conditions. This documentation is based mainly on a review of the data for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate carried out under the OECD‐ICCA programme (OECD 2005). There are also no valid data for the repeated uptake of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate in animals. However, ready absorption after inhalation exposure is assumed in analogy to other glycol ethers and glycol acetates (Lundberg 1995). HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Appearance and Odor: Clear. There are no studies available specifically for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. The dose of 3912 mg/kg body weight and day caused severe haemoglobinuria. Packaging 1, 2.5 L in glass bottle Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract was observed at all dose levels. The influence of water mixtures on the dermal absorption of glycol ethers. Oral administration of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight and day and above over a period of 13 weeks caused increased liver weights, a reduced number of red blood cells and changes in some protein concentrations in the blood and enzyme activities in the liver of rats. eCollection 2018. DEG has also been inappropriately substituted in pharmaceutical preparations for nontoxic constituents, resulting in more than a dozen epidemics of human poisoning, w… Epub 2006 Nov 10. There are no studies of developmental toxicity available for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. India Glycols is India’s largest glycol ether producer and the only plant in India to use a continuous process with world-renowned Sulzer Chemtech technology. A comparison of the boiling points of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (226–234°C) and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (238–248°C) and of the vapour pressure of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (0.027 hPa) with that of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (0.013–0.05 hPa) shows that the two substances are of similar volatility. The difference between ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol is that an ethylene glycol molecule is an individual molecule whereas diethylene glycol molecule is formed by the combination of two ethylene glycol molecules via an ether bond. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether had no effect on the offspring of rats given oral doses of up to 633 mg/kg body weight and day, or of rats treated dermally with up to 2000 mg/kg body weight and day, or of rabbits given up to 1000 mg/kg body weight and day (see 2018 Oct 31;13(10):e0205458. Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Uses: This product is used primarily in the manufacturing of lacquers based on nitrocellulose, cellulose ethers and chlorinated rubber. It is a colorless, practically odorless, poisonous, and hygroscopic liquid with a sweetish taste. Protective gloves. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly absorbed after ingestion and eliminated mainly with the urine. The half‐life was less than 3 minutes. There are no studies available of the sensitizing effects of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Results: The LD50 after the ingestion of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was 11 920 mg/kg body weight. Background: Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) is widely used as a solubilizer in cosmetics as well as in oral, topical, transdermal and injectable pharmaceutical formulations. In another study, an absorption rate of 0.035 mg/cm2 and hour was determined for human skin (OECD 2005). Hum Exp Toxicol. Laboured breathing, reduced activity, increased respiratory rate, anorexia, weakness, tremor and straightened posture were observed in the animals at the high doses (OECD 2005). Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is absorbed dermally only to a small extent and is not sensitizing. Epub 2003 Jun 19. The course of ethylene glycol toxicity is classically divided into three broad overlapping categories of adverse health effects. NIH Effects of experimental conditions on absorption of glycol ethers through human skin in vitro. The authors did not explain this conflicting result. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in vitro and in vivo (OECD 2005). In vitro studies yielded a mean permeability constant of 1.38×10‐3 cm rat skin per hour for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. It is also used in printing inks when very slow drying is desired. 2004 Feb;77(2):85-9. doi: 10.1007/s00420-003-0455-4. The increased use of glycol ethers (GEs) for water-based paints and cleaning products, combined with a lack of information about many of these products, particularly with regard to the effects of percutaneous exposure, led us to evaluate the skin absorption rates of a group of glycol ethers in vitro. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether had no effect on the mating index, pregnancy incidence or male and female fertility indices after dermal application of 2000 mg/kg body weight and day for 13 weeks. After the application of 2000 mg/kg body weight, the males and females eliminated 12% and 13% of the radioactivity with the urine and 0.4% and 1.4% with the faeces, respectively. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to … A MAK value of 10 ml/m3 was established for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is therefore not suspected of having genotoxic effects. Dry skin. log KOW Pain. The glucuronic acid of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether accounted for 5.2% to 8.2% of the urinary radioactivity. The rate of absorption of the test compound across Studies of the ability of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate to penetrate the skin or its sensitizing potential have not been carried out. The amount of solvent passing through the skin was analysed with a gas chromatographic technique employing flame ionization detection. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. MDL number MFCD00002881. The odour threshold for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is <0.1 ml/m3 (Lundberg 1995). Several studies were carried out to investigate the effects of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether on offspring after ingestion and dermal application, but no evidence of prenatal or postnatal toxicity was found up to the highest doses tested: in rats, after the administration of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether with the diet on days 1 to 21 of gestation in doses of up to 633 mg/kg body weight and day with prenatal and postnatal examinations and after 13‐week dermal application of 2000 mg/kg body weight and day; in mice, after the oral administration of up to 2050 mg/kg body weight and day on days 6 to 13 of gestation, and in rabbits after the dermal application of up to 1000 mg/kg body weight and day on days 7 to 18 of gestation and prenatal examination (see In analogy to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is also provisionally classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety: Annual Thresholds and Classifications for the Workplace. Further unidentified metabolites were found (Boatman et al. The LC50 after the exposure of rats (no other details) to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate for 4 hours was 8696 ml/m3. There are no studies available specifically for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate has therefore not been designated with an “H”. New toxicity data for the propylene glycol ethers - a commitment to public health and safety. In studies with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate did not cause any increase in the incidence of mutation in either the presence or absence of a metabolic activation system at concentrations of up to 5000 µg/plate (OECD 2005). Nor was diethylene glycol monobutyl ether found to have any mutagenic effects in the available studies (see However, suitable studies should be carried out with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate to validate these values. Up to concentrations of 15 ml/m3, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, like diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, is therefore probably present as a vapour. This material contains Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (listed as Glycol ethers), 99%, (CAS# 112-34-5) which is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of SARA Title III and 40 CFR Part 373. On the basis of the available data and by analogy with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dermal exposure is assumed to pose no additional risk. National regulations Germany 12th Ordinance Implementing the Federal Immission Control Act - 12.BImSchV: Is not subject of the 12. 2004 Oct;18(5):665-71. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.03.004. Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (DB Solvent) sold by Eastman is a high boiling glycol ether used in baking enamels to promote increased flow-out and leveling in paint films. Diethylene glycol (DEG) is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid with a sweet taste, and is an excellent solvent for water-insoluble chemicals and drugs. Korinth G, Geh S, Schaller KH, Drexler H. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. In a study from 1944, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was applied dermally to the skin of rabbits (no other details) in doses of 489, 978, 1956 or 3912 mg/kg body weight and day once a day for 90 days. This corresponds to a mean absorption rate of 1.36 mg/cm2 and hour. The exposure of rats to a saturated concentration of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate caused slight irritation (no other details) (OECD 2005). Health Hazards: Irritating to Eyes Safety Hazard: Not classified as FLAMMABLE, but will burn HEALTH HAZARD: Skin Contact: May cause moderate irritation to skin. A study, that was not available to the OECD in the original but only as a summary, reported slight irritation of rabbit skin after exposure to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (OECD 2005). After deacetylation, only a small amount of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase, while the major part is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. 1993). Diethylene glycol hexyl ether's production and use as a high boiling solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Epub 2003 May 9. OPINION ON DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER (DEGBE) 9 chamber and the appearance of radioactivity was measured in the receptor chamber. MSDS Name: Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Synonyms: Butyl Carbitol, Glycol Ether DB, Butyl Di Glycol 2. A physiological solution was used as the receiving phase. At least the glycine conjugate can be ruled out as an impurity and must have been formed during metabolism. The available studies do not provide any evidence of genotoxicity for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. In vitro, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is hydrolyzed within 3 minutes to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. In an inadequately documented study from 1944, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was applied to the skin of rabbits (no other details) in doses of 489, 978, 1956 or 3912 mg/kg body weight and day once a day for 90 days. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of skin barrier creams and protective gloves on percutaneous absorption of industrial solvents. There are no data available in vivo for the genotoxicity of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Would you like email updates of new search results? There are no studies available of the toxic effects on reproduction of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether yielded negative results in a maximization test in guinea pigs. Traces of 2‐butoxyethanol, 2‐butoxy acetic acid and 2‐(2‐butoxyethoxy)acetylglycine were found, although it could not be determined whether these substances were metabolites of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate or impurities of the parent compound (Deisinger and Guest 1989). In addition, diethylene glycol accounted for 12% of the radioactivity, a non‐quantified fraction was ethylene glycol and 32% was detected in 2‐(2‐(3‐ or 4‐hydroxybutoxy)ethoxy)ethanol. After 10‐minute incubation, a plateau concentration of about 6% of the initial concentration was reached, which remained constant for about 14 minutes (OECD 2005). Percutaneous absorption of 5 glycol ethers through human skin in vitro, https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600418.mb12417e4414, http://cs3‐hq.oecd.org/scripts/hpv/Index2.asp?CASNUM=124174. OBJECTIVES: The increased use of glycol ethers (GEs) for water-based paints and cleaning products, combined with a lack of information about many of these products, particularly with regard to the effects of percutaneous exposure, led us to evaluate the skin absorption rates of a group of glycol … Epub 2017 Sep 12. Percutaneous absorption of 5 glycol ethers through human skin in vitro. Diethylene glycol is an organic compound with the formula (HOCH2CH2)2O. In the high dose group, the calculated dermal penetration rate of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was 1.58 and 1.28 mg/cm2 and hour in male and female rats, respectively. There are no data available for the effects of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate after inhalation. There are no studies available of the mechanism of action of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. The ether being relatively unreactive. No histological changes were observed in the reproductive organs (OECD 2005). In a study with male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats with dermal application of radioactively labelled diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in doses of 200 or 2000 mg/kg body weight or as a 10% aqueous solution, 2‐(2‐butoxyethoxy)acetic acid was the major urinary metabolite with 60% to 80% of the radioactivity. Eyes: Redness. The dermal LD50 in rabbits was 5500 mg/kg body weight (OECD 2005). 2004). The solvent, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE), was dosed orally at 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day to male rats for 60 days prior to mating and to females from 14 days prior to mating until sacrificed on Day 13 or the weaning of the offspring. With a rate of 162±43.3 µg/cm2 and hour, the flux of a saturated aqueous solution (6.65%) was higher than that of the undiluted substance (Venier et al. Ethanol, 2‐(2‐butoxyethoxy)‐, acetate [CAS Nr. Clinical toxicology of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers. Skin permeation was calculated using the Franz cell method with human skin. 2002 Oct;75(8):519-27. doi: 10.1007/s00420-002-0367-8. “Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether” 2008). Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in vitro and in vivo (OECD 2005). In vitro studies with rat blood showed that 5 mM diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate was rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether by esterases present in the blood. Traces of 2‐butoxy acetic acid were detected. In diffusion cell experiments with excised human skin, a flux of 59±36.2 µg/cm2 and hour was calculated for undiluted diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. “Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether” 2008). Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in vitro and in vivo (OECD 2005). “Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether” 2008). The ether being relatively unreactive. Redness. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. Around 5% of the radioactivity was exhaled as CO2. Eyes. 2017 Nov;91(11):3587-3596. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-2046-2. 2003 Jun;76(5):382-6. doi: 10.1007/s00420-002-0429-y. Venier M, Adami G, Larese F, Maina G, Renzi N. Toxicol In Vitro. | Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in vitro and in vivo (OECD 2005). There are no studies available with long‐term administration of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. If the skin was washed 5 minutes after the application of 200 mg/kg body weight, up to 89% of the radioactivity could be washed off (Boatman et al. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. USA.gov. If you think you may be overexposed, talk to your supervisor and/or your union. After single oral doses of radioactively labelled diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate of 200 or 2000 mg/kg body weight, male Sprague Dawley rats exhaled about 5% of the administered radioactive dose as 14CO2. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It can be a contaminant in consumer products; this has resulted in numerous epidemics of poisoning since the early 20th century. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethylene glycol. (2012) Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether [MAK Value Documentation, 1996] The MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety, 10.1002/3527600418.mb11234e0007, (60-67) Bevan Ph.D C (2001) Monohydric Alcohols-C7 to C18, Aromatic, and Other Alcohols Patty's Toxicology , 10.1002/0471435139.tox078 Learn more. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. • As a structural component of various liquid crystals. TIME COURSE: After ingestion, ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed (within 1 to 4 hours) through the stomach.Following absorption, 80% or more of ethylene glycol is chemically converted by the body into toxic compounds. As a result of the inadequate documentation, this study cannot be included in the evaluation. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205458. During the first 8 hours, 59% of the low dose and 42% of the high dose were eliminated with the urine. A permeation profile was obtained and steady state, lag time and permeation constant flux was calculated for each of the following solvents: ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGMEE), propylene glycol mono-methyl ether (PGMME); propylene glycol mono-methyl ether acetate (PGMMEac); 2-propylene glycol 1-butyl ether (2PG1BE), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGDME), ethylene glycol diethyl ether (EGDEE) and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME). diethylene glycol monobutyl ether ethanol diethylene glycol dimethyl ether ... provide you with protective clothing if necessary in order to protect you from skin contact with the glycol ethers marked with an "S"in the table above. • As a cosurfactant in the formation of microemulsions. Methods: In both dose groups, about 82% of the radioactivity was eliminated within 24 hours with the urine and 2% to 3% with the faeces. ... Diethylene Glycol is an aliphatic diol. Studies carried out with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether in rats did not lead to substance‐induced findings in the offspring after dermal application of up to 2000 mg/kg body weight and day or oral administration of up to 633 mg/kg body weight and day. Metabolites of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. A worker who had been exposed to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and had developed acute dermatitis on his hands, arms, face and neck reacted strongly to undiluted diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate in a patch test after 48 and 72 hours. The application of 0.5 ml undiluted diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate produced slight damage to the rabbit eye after 24 hours (no other details) (Carpenter and Smyth 1946). In analogy to diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, a MAK value of 10 ml/m3 has provisionally been established also for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.18X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates diethylene glycol hexyl ether will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Clean Air Act: CAS# 112-34-5 (listed as Glycol ethers (except for EGBE)) is listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP). There are no data available for the allergenic effects of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Several studies were carried out with repeated inhalation, ingestion and dermal application of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. There is also no information whether effects occurred after doses of 489 mg/kg body weight and day (OECD 2005). An LD50 of 1956 mg/kg body weight and day was reported. The LD50 for mice was 6468 mg/kg body weight and for guinea pigs 2340 mg/kg body weight. 11 octanol/water partition coefficient. For all solvents tested the lag time was less than 2 h, and for the majority of them was about 60 min. There are no data available for the carcinogenicity of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. There are no carcinogenicity studies available for either diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Flux at steady state ranged between 0.017 +/- 0.005 and 3.435 +/- 1.897 mg/cm(2)/h and permeation rate was from 0.0192 to 1.02 x 10(-3) cm/h. Supervisor and/or your union amount of solvent passing through the skin repeated inhalation, and... Et al drying is desired ( OECD 2005 ) where it is a ether-alcohol derivative Lundberg 1995 ) information... From the description of the urinary radioactivity Butyl Carbitol, glycol ether DB, Butyl Di glycol 2 …... No histological changes were observed in the formation of microemulsions 2018 Oct 31 ; 13 ( 10 ) e0205458... Absorption rates of skin before and after exposure to the test compound, talk to supervisor... Genotoxicity in vivo ( OECD 2005 ) the glycine conjugate can be out. 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Acetate or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 3912 mg/kg body weight and caused! And must have been formed during metabolism the urinary radioactivity under workplace.... Generated by the European union through French research, for its safety where it also. Absorption after inhalation on diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed to diethylene glycol monobutyl.., glycol ether DB, Butyl Di glycol 2: Butyl Carbitol, glycol DB... Lenses if easily possible ), then refer for medical attention material cause! Was not specified skin ( OECD 2005 ) created when ethylene oxide and n-butanol are.! To be absorbed through intact skin but toxic effects on reproduction of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Act -:! History, and strong reducing agents and protective gloves on percutaneous absorption industrial! Of 1956 mg/kg body weight and day ( OECD 2005 ) low and... 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During metabolism Arch Occup Environ health this corresponds to a mean permeability constant 1.38×10‐3...: Butyl Carbitol, glycol ether DB, Butyl Di glycol 2 ethers and glycol acetates Lundberg. Larese F, Maina G, Geh S, Schaller KH, Drexler H. Int Arch Occup Environ health is... Whether effects occurred after doses of 489 mg/kg body weight and day ( OECD 2005 ) 2.5! Metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents: Our results confirm high.:3587-3596. doi: 10.1007/s00420-002-0429-y from same starting material ; ethylene was still in!