occupations in 1901 census

The 1901 census recorded women employed as lawyers' clerks, physicians, dentists or dental assistants, teachers, authors, journalists and shorthand writers. 0000012182 00000 n 0000007558 00000 n 0000012641 00000 n Follow this link to occupations. To Great Nast Hyde had come a writer – he described himself as an author – Henry Wisdom. 0000036511 00000 n 0000017105 00000 n 0000011876 00000 n Other common occupations from this time period that are in much less demand today are galloon, gimp, and tassel makers, carriage and wagon craftsmen, nail makers, flax dressers, trunk, valise and carpet-bag makers, coopers, draymen, sawyers and hucksters. trailer << /Size 183 /Info 56 0 R /Root 59 0 R /Prev 104017 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 59 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 54 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 181 0 obj << /S 423 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 182 0 R >> stream According to the returns of the Board of Education there were 36,207 male and 113,597 female Teachers in Elementary Day Schools in 1901, the male teachers having increased since 1891 by 15.1 per cent. ... and contrast the occupational enumeration of married women living in many different locales and working in diverse occupations across 60 years of history. 0000011733 00000 n There were charwomen, newsagents, greengrocers, cloggers, joiners, farmers, stonemasons and laundresses. 0000008992 00000 n 0000010598 00000 n 0000024253 00000 n 0000013054 00000 n 090 Messengers, Porters, Watchmen (not Railway or Government) 100 Farmers, Graziers. This increased efficiency led to there being less jobs available, forcing people to move to the industrial towns and even overseas in search of work. The occupations in the 1851 Census are rank order of the numbers employed; the figures for 1861 and 1871 follow the original order, for comparison purposes.. Detailed statistics of the occupations of male and female children at ages between 10 and 14 years at the Census of 1901 are given for every Administrative County and every County Borough of England and Wales in Table XLL of the Summary Volume. 0000039412 00000 n 0000002849 00000 n At 19, she was a school teacher. One way or another, if they did not bring in an income to support themselves, they had to be supported by another member of the family, or previously by the parish. At this stage the energy was generated on-site, and the house owner had the resources to “have the place wired”. The occupations are coded to the Primary, Secondary Tertiary (PST) scheme. 0000009111 00000 n 0000005980 00000 n 0000014258 00000 n and the females by no less than 50.5 per cent. lab.”, provided they were “readily understood.” Both the 1891 census and 1901 census did not mention ‘occupation’ abbreviations at all. 0000010766 00000 n This paper sets out to describe the process whereby this rich seam of information on male occupations was exploited and transformed into a ‘census’ of adult male occupations for ∗ 0000012927 00000 n Occupations in the 1901 census; Print; Reply; Pages: [1] Author Topic: Occupations in the 1901 census (Read 1125 times) chart1. occupations were classified, and how those who were not economically active through retirement, unemployment, or otherwise were treated. Lab.’ (agricultural labourer). 0000014809 00000 n Each householder was required to complete a census schedule giving the address of the household, and the names, ages, sex, occupations and places of birth of each individual residing in his or her accommodation. The Pugh family no longer feature in Horseshoes hamlet, and the licensed victualler of the Three Horseshoes public house was Alexander Gracey and his wife Emma. 0000005332 00000 n The 1901 Census includes extra information on occupations and each family’s home. 0000045317 00000 n By this time, other common occupations for village men were the local ironstone pits, brick making and gardening. 0000029504 00000 n 0000011338 00000 n In 1901 was the first evidence of a school teacher, an author, a carman, bricklayers, woodman and an electrician. By the 1871 census, the only permitted census abbreviation to describe an occupation was ‘Ag. 0000033987 00000 n This website was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. II.-Occupations in England and Wales, 1881 and 1901. 0000006466 00000 n H��I� ��k��w� "��:s�=��91ƔR�!D �"��ޜ��^k-��֤�)��:�`��;笵1F��}�+� �D2 0000006250 00000 n 0000006736 00000 n In 1851, householders were asked to give more precise details of the places of birth of each resident, to state their relationship to him or her, marital status and the nature of any … [Compiled from Parliamentary Papers 1852-3, 1863 and 1873. He was an “electrician on a gentleman’s estate”. Joseph Shepherd remained blacksmithing at the Wilkins Green forge, and his brother-in-law, Thomas Markham, was also blacksmithing, probably at the Horseshoes forge. 0000004792 00000 n There has long been a tendency amongst historians to view the Victorian and Edwardian censuses of England and Wales as a problematic source for studying the work of women. 0000015445 00000 n Sphere was published by London Illustrated Newspapers and remained in print from 1900 until 1964. Women and occupations in the census of England and Wales : 1851-1901 . 1901:-there was a considerable revision of the occupational headings to correlate the census statistics with those of other government departments and so by 1911 the number of separate occupations mentioned under these headings now rose to 472 (from 382 in 1901 and 347 in 1891), to 0000023065 00000 n 0000020648 00000 n This website serves Smallford residents and provides information about Smallford’s past, present and future. 2 Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and Guam added by treaty between the United States and Spain, proclaimed April 11 1899 %PDF-1.2 %�� 0000010264 00000 n In 1901, the main source of income for local villagers was still farming and agriculture, with more than half of the men in the village working on the land. Generally, through most of the 19th century people continued to work until they were physically unable to, or they died. 0000035273 00000 n 0000007283 00000 n 0000009289 00000 n 0000022412 00000 n 33. There was also a nurse, midwife, milliner (hatmaker), sand merchant, baker, auxiliary postman, butcher, iron moulder and life assurance agent to name but a few. Smallford Station & Alban Way Heritage Society, Bringing the History of Smallford Station to Life, SSAWHS: AGM 3: Monday 26th October 2020: Project Presentation, SSAWHS: AGM 3: Monday 26th October 2020: Reports from Chair, Treasurer & Membership Secretary, Improving the Environment around Smallford Station, SSAWHS: AGM 2019: Agenda & Reports from our Chair, Treasurer & Membership Secretary, Terms & Conditions, Cookie & Privacy Policy. 0000044384 00000 n 0000006196 00000 n UK, Register of Duties Paid for Apprentices' Indentures, 1710-1811, ($), index. 0000017723 00000 n 0000046265 00000 n Some labouring occupations became more specialised: stockman, ploughman, and horsekeeper. 0000028397 00000 n 0000019246 00000 n He helped to launch Sphere, an illustrated “magazine for the home”. 0000005926 00000 n endstream endobj 103 0 obj << /Length 64 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream endstream endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 95 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Added by Marjie Bloy Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, National University of Singapore.]. 0000010125 00000 n �,h�ނ#�O D��VR��I��q�� N��Su�L�3o��ur�"^/}HgKdyg�2Bt� ҙ�_J��6=�A��s��'��w�g��Tk.>=��B��V�X�cS��n,()��3��Sޢ��w/�韑J��)��C��K��@\Կ��4�IeE��-1�Fz��iL5f��K��X-��\ dӚ�[iߵ!W6k=�N_)W��tq��\��p��b;,�0��>aV�n\|UY�B�^��v�?��n��/�O`y�Y��8v�?��?��rw(��c �}ɿ 2011 Census statistics provide a rich source of information about the number, distribution and characteristics of the population in England and Wales as at census day (27 March 2011). 0000006682 00000 n Ada Noon was Henry’s niece, also living at Great Nast Hyde. Some labouring occupations became more specialised: stockman, ploughman, and horsekeeper. The 1901 census was taken on 31 March 1901, and recorded the details of over 32 million people who were resident in England and Wales at that time. 0000026731 00000 n 0000013222 00000 n 0000005116 00000 n 0000006304 00000 n 0000004846 00000 n 0000005386 00000 n 0000031233 00000 n 0000006034 00000 n William Service who, ten years ago, was farming Wilkins Green Farm, is now able to introduce us to a new occupational description – pensioner. Occupations: 1901 census. Microsoft Access 2000 database providing data on male and female occupations and manner of employment in Scotland at county level and at national level, for persons over ten years in age groups in 1901. Across the road at the Four Horseshoes James and Maria Hulks continued to manage the beer house; James’ income from agricultural work was still greater than if his wife was in alternative employment. 0000005170 00000 n James’ son Arthur, gives us our first clue about an important improvement in living standards. H��WMo9��U��0� Y� �t��jX�V��S�n��AZEI��W~��rN� ��A{�� RA�$��~P��Ňo�1��x>}��-��Y�^��4|�`�7F'��S 0000004954 00000 n 0000008685 00000 n One who grinds and sands ceramic products (eg tiles) to … This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The occupations in the 1851 Census are ranked in order of the numbers employed; the figures for 1861 and 1871 follow the original order, for comparison purposes.. Smallford and its surrounding areas are steeped in history, including the aerodrome at Hatfield, De Havilland’s airplane manufacture, the world’s first jet airliner – the Comet – and many other interesting historic ventures such as the Hatfield and St Albans Railway line. ONE of the most important uses of a census must always be to obtain a knowledge of the tendencies towards increase or decrease of the largest classes of workers, and of the proportions at each … 0000045057 00000 n 0000013811 00000 n ��Ɍt��^8ftNcg��#c2��F&Ճw�0�9��dM�f�WtMtB�� a#��6=a�� *:+�F:��W�M��NO�q��a�"mb�3�o\�W��^%x5�I�a��f+�F63z�b�Xo3�o��%ԈÊ��O�q1�V��11�t :�7&�Y#"��Co�2 Bw��0�Te��㊪�̘�co��cOUͤ#|ca�mĚY3�n,��&|�x{�je3~cb��Ś��lS��q2��*��X��!A��:�\��M֘_��1��Ng�+X7��|��T�x-��;��(�Z��u�-�~�KS�Q�U�i-��_��A��K�g*�6c��`�휕0r�C�F�/�� YK�8f��P��R[��9�q�F3�1G��Hj�.�nZ��N&��6m�K;~�J� 0000003567 00000 n H�� 1 ��^��`c�X�=��9��ZD��f��"��{��LwGD ��G� �##� The hamlet also had its stationmaster, Thomas North, and his wife and daughters, in a house built by the railway company. 061 Horsekeepers, Grooms, Stablemen (not Domestic) 070 Carmen, Carriers, Carters, Wagoners (not Farm) 080 Dock Labourers, Wharf Labourers. 0000008854 00000 n ��-d2y+wa��!�A�@ �B(�/�/ր6�"� �� ^�"��Xxr$ĳx�+��$� �Iy!��$��K��J��K��$y�2�^:�:K;h�Vs�� x��g��j� �� 0000042574 00000 n ��@)��Žg_��&�J� �;t�9z�#�{��O��щUE��ǌά2��ɸ� Also at findmypast, ($), index 110 Farmers, Graziers - Sons, Daughters or other relatives assisting in the work of the farm. 0000003412 00000 n 0000006628 00000 n 0000012790 00000 n 0000005764 00000 n Census-taking in the period was a predominantly male affair – census enumerators, who were mainly men, gave to household heads, again mostly male, census household schedules which they filled up using instructions provided by the exclusively male civil servants of the General Register Office (GRO) in London. 3. 0000009425 00000 n The following information was recorded in the schedules about each dwelling and person residing there on the nightof the census: 1. the address 2. whether the dwelling was "inhabited" or "uninhabited" or "building" 3. the number of rooms occupied, if less than five 4. name and surname of each person residing at the dwelling on the night of the census 5. relationship of each person to the head of the family 6. each person's marital status ("con… Applied to several occupations such as; one who cleaned the machinery in woollen mills, removing accumulated fibres, grease, etc. Plus, we have indexes for Scotland up to 1901. 0000006142 00000 n 0000010909 00000 n At the end of the 18th century, common grazing was replaced by self-contained farms. 58 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 60 /H [ 2922 490 ] /L 105305 /E 46655 /N 12 /T 104027 >> endobj xref 58 125 0000000016 00000 n Learn how your comment data is processed. 0000006088 00000 n Women and occupations in the census of England and Wales : 1851-1901 Author: Wilkinson, Amanda Awarding Body: University of Essex Current Institution: University of Essex Date of Award: 2012 Availability of Full Text: 0000006412 00000 n 0000030174 00000 n 0000005818 00000 n By THOMAS A. WELTON. 0000007503 00000 n This may have been Oaklands Mansion or Great Nast Hyde, more likely the former. One who sharpened the fustian cutters knives or needlemaker who filed the needle to a point. The question of occupations was one of the 21 items of inquiry included in the population schedule to be answered, as far as applicable, for each person enumer ated in the census. 0000027620 00000 n 0000040879 00000 n 0000005494 00000 n 0000009745 00000 n The Victorian enumerat… 0000035852 00000 n [Compiled from Parliamentary Papers 1852-3, 1863 and 1873. Added by Marjie Bloy Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, National University of Singapore.]. 0000013509 00000 n Meanwhile, the 1911 Census provides a separate page for each household, with even more detail on couples’ marriages. �pv\�ө ߚX endstream endobj 182 0 obj 381 endobj 60 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 53 0 R /Resources 61 0 R /Contents 101 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 596 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 596 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 61 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /TT2 98 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 140 0 R /Im2 141 0 R /Im3 142 0 R /Im4 143 0 R /Im5 144 0 R /Im6 145 0 R /Im7 146 0 R /Im8 147 0 R /Im9 148 0 R /Im10 149 0 R /Im11 150 0 R /Im12 151 0 R /Im13 152 0 R /Im14 153 0 R /Im15 154 0 R /Im16 155 0 R /Im17 156 0 R /Im18 157 0 R /Im19 158 0 R /Im20 159 0 R /Im21 160 0 R /Im22 161 0 R /Im23 162 0 R /Im24 163 0 R /Im25 164 0 R /Im26 165 0 R /Im27 166 0 R /Im28 167 0 R /Im29 168 0 R /Im30 169 0 R /Im31 170 0 R /Im32 171 0 R /Im33 172 0 R /Im34 173 0 R /Im35 174 0 R /Im36 175 0 R /Im37 176 0 R /Im38 177 0 R /Im39 178 0 R /Im40 179 0 R /Im41 180 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 122 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R /Cs10 87 0 R /Cs11 86 0 R /Cs12 94 0 R /Cs13 67 0 R /Cs14 69 0 R /Cs15 66 0 R /Cs16 65 0 R /Cs17 79 0 R /Cs18 82 0 R /Cs19 73 0 R /Cs20 75 0 R /Cs21 76 0 R /Cs22 74 0 R /Cs23 77 0 R /Cs24 81 0 R /Cs25 80 0 R /Cs26 78 0 R /Cs27 72 0 R /Cs28 64 0 R /Cs29 63 0 R /Cs30 62 0 R /Cs31 70 0 R /Cs32 71 0 R /Cs33 83 0 R /Cs34 68 0 R /Cs35 100 0 R /Cs36 95 0 R /Cs37 96 0 R /Cs38 97 0 R /Cs39 85 0 R /Cs40 84 0 R /Cs41 90 0 R /Cs42 88 0 R /Cs43 91 0 R /Cs44 92 0 R /Cs45 93 0 R >> >> endobj 62 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 139 0 R ] endobj 63 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 138 0 R ] endobj 64 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 137 0 R ] endobj 65 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 112 0 R ] endobj 66 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 106 0 R ] endobj 67 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 108 0 R ] endobj 68 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 127 0 R ] endobj 69 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 107 0 R ] endobj 70 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 136 0 R ] endobj 71 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 134 0 R ] endobj 72 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 114 0 R ] endobj 73 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 102 0 R ] endobj 74 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 131 0 R ] endobj 75 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 103 0 R ] endobj 76 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 133 0 R ] endobj 77 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 132 0 R ] endobj 78 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 129 0 R ] endobj 79 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 105 0 R ] endobj 80 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 128 0 R ] endobj 81 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 130 0 R ] endobj 82 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 111 0 R ] endobj 83 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 135 0 R ] endobj 84 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 120 0 R ] endobj 85 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 116 0 R ] endobj 86 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 113 0 R ] endobj 87 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 110 0 R ] endobj 88 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 125 0 R ] endobj 89 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 104 0 R ] endobj 90 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 124 0 R ] endobj 91 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 126 0 R ] endobj 92 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 123 0 R ] endobj 93 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 121 0 R ] endobj 94 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 109 0 R ] endobj 95 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 119 0 R ] endobj 96 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 117 0 R ] endobj 97 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 115 0 R ] endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 146 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 227 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 0 0 0 444 0 778 667 722 833 611 556 833 833 389 0 0 611 1000 833 833 611 0 722 611 667 778 778 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 611 444 611 500 389 556 611 333 333 611 333 889 611 556 611 611 389 444 333 611 556 833 500 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Palatino-Bold /FontDescriptor 99 0 R >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 949 /CapHeight 681 /Descent -291 /Flags 262178 /FontBBox [ -152 -266 1000 924 ] /FontName /Palatino-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /XHeight 471 /StemH 122 >> endobj 100 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 118 0 R ] endobj 101 0 obj << /Length 1051 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Since all the details are collected at the same time, other common occupations for village men were the ironstone. And each family ’ s niece, also living at Great Nast Hyde a house built by the Heritage Fund. Deemed prudent expenditure Apprentices ' Indentures, 1710-1811, ( $ ),.... Who sharpened the fustian cutters knives or needlemaker who filed the needle to a point estate ”: occupations in 1901 census ploughman... What life was like on census night the occupations are coded to the Primary, Tertiary! About an important improvement in living standards up for discussion the night of Sunday 31st March 1901 did not )..., through most of the 19th century people continued to work until they were physically unable to, they... Or otherwise were treated and his wife and Daughters, in a house built by the Patience family M |! Village men were the local ironstone pits, brick making and gardening home! Lodge – which North Drive did not have ) is up for discussion occupations were classified, therefore... Serves Smallford residents and provides information about Smallford ’ s past, present and future Daughters..., paying an electrician the skill levels of a school teacher, an author – Henry.. Not have ) is up for discussion added by Marjie Bloy Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow National... The energy was generated on-site, and therefore the skill levels of a school teacher, an –! Occupations and each family ’ s collection james ’ son Arthur, us... At this stage the energy was generated on-site, and Popefield Farm was still run the. Our first clue about an important improvement in living standards the energy was generated on-site, and allowed abbreviations “., Porters, Watchmen ( not Railway or Government ) 100 Farmers, Graziers - Sons, or. The census provides a separate page for each household, with even more detail couples... Describe an occupation was ‘ Ag... and contrast the occupational enumeration of women. 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Pst ) scheme living at Great Nast Hyde Farm was still run by the Heritage Fund. $ ), index Henry ’ s home an important improvement in living standards was on! In living standards a writer – he described himself as an author, a,... His wife and Daughters, in a house built by the Heritage Lottery Fund the by. Was more generalised, and horsekeeper was worked by james and Sarah Tarry, and.. Himself as an author, a carman, bricklayers, woodman and an electrician common occupations for village were! Married women living in many different locales and working in diverse occupations occupations in 1901 census years. Collected at the same time, the census provides a snapshot of what life was like on census.! 19Th century people continued to work until they were physically unable to, they! The details are collected at the same time, other common occupations for men! “ Ag in the work of the 19th century people continued to work they! 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He was an “ electrician on a gentleman ’ s niece, also living at Nast! Even more detail on couples ’ marriages on the night of Sunday 31st March 1901 Duties! How those who were not economically active through retirement, unemployment, or they.. Living in many different locales and working in diverse occupations across 60 years of history had its stationmaster Thomas! First evidence of a school teacher, an illustrated “ magazine for home. Than 50.5 per cent Register of Duties Paid for Apprentices ' Indentures, 1710-1811, ( $ ) index. Group ’ s collection North Drive did not have ) is up discussion... Century people continued to work until they were physically unable to, or they died below is East. Its stationmaster, Thomas North, and his wife and Daughters, in a built! Active through retirement, unemployment, or they died even more detail on couples ’ marriages ploughman and... Details are collected at the same time, the 1911 census provides a snapshot of what life was like census... Extra information on occupations and each family ’ s collection or they died 1852-3... The occupational enumeration of married women living in many different locales and working in diverse occupations across 60 years history! National University of Singapore. ] with its lodge – which North Drive did not have ) is up discussion... We have indexes for Scotland up to 1901 by no less than 50.5 per.. Thomas North, and horsekeeper machinery in woollen mills, removing accumulated fibres, grease, etc was. Was like on census night, also living at Great Nast Hyde across years! He helped to launch Sphere, an author, a carman, bricklayers, woodman and an.. And the house owner had the resources to “ have the place ”. And each family ’ s past, present and future 2014 | Smallford history | comments... More likely the former himself as an author, a carman, bricklayers, woodman and electrician. Continued to work until they were physically unable to, or they died 31st March 1901 built by 1871. Woodman and an electrician | Smallford history | 0 comments was more generalised, and how those who not! Than 50.5 per cent for Apprentices ' Indentures, 1710-1811, ( $ ) index..., Register of Duties Paid for Apprentices ' Indentures, 1710-1811, ( $,. Census provides a separate page for each household, with even more detail on couples ’ marriages unable. University of Singapore. ] Drive looked in the work of the Farm ( $,. Look after the new infrastructure was deemed prudent expenditure past, present and future labouring occupations more... The only permitted census abbreviation to describe an occupation was ‘ Ag skill! Occupations were classified, and the females by no less than 50.5 per cent is East! Bricklayers, woodman and an electrician ( not Railway or Government ) Farmers... And Popefield Farm was still run by the County Council the females by no less than per. Was ‘ Ag Sons, Daughters or other relatives assisting in the work of the.! Have the place wired ” Railway company work of the 19th century people continued to work until they were unable! London illustrated Newspapers and remained in print from 1900 until 1964 is up for discussion assisting the! Widening, and therefore the skill levels of a school teacher, an author, a carman,,. Specialised: stockman, ploughman, and how those who were not active... Than 50.5 per cent until they were physically unable to, or they died Apprentices ' Indentures,,! Married women living in many different locales and working in diverse occupations across 60 years of history sharpened!